From Nivenus, at Observation Deck:

When the cast of Exodus: Gods and Kings—Ridley Scott’s upcoming Biblical epic—was announced a lot of people made the complaint that it was overwhelmingly white, a move they decried as both inaccurate and racist. They were right. Unfortunately, in response a lot of people have peddled another historical (and racist) error: that the ancient Egyptians were black and that modern Egyptians are imposters…

…Cultures as different from one another (and Western Europe) as the Mongol Empire, northern India, Arabia, and Comanches have all been portrayed by white actors … because, again, the presumption is that a white actor is a blank slate within whom everyone can identify, including non-white people

…However, while the tendency usually is to whitewash historical peoples, the opposite also sometimes occurs. There is an increasing tendency I’ve noticed for some people, for example, to re-envision all of the ancient societies of the Old World as not simply non-white, but specifically “black.” Putting aside for a moment the fact that within Africa itself “black” is a largely meaningless term (there’s more genetic variety within Africa’s “black” population than the rest of the world combined), this is just simply false. The samurai were no more black than they were white. And neither were the ancient Egyptians.

That’s right, the ancient Egyptians weren’t black. They weren’t white either, mind you, but to presume that a culture has to be one or the other is to accept a racial dichotomy that white colonialists themselves invented for the purpose of sorting the world into “civilized” (white) and “savage” (colored) peoples. Most cultures in the world don’t really fit neatly into either category: are Latinos white or colored? The answer depends partially on who’s asking the question: most Latinos identify as white (both in the U.S. and Latin America) but most non-Latino Americans usually sort them as non-white.

The truth is that “white” is essentially a byword for “European” (sometimes northern European specifically) while “colored” basically just means everyone else. And these categories aren’t static or unchanging either. In 19th century Europe, various ethnic groups were sometimes sorted into “more” or “less” white groups. According to many British anthropologists, the Irish were “less white” than the English. According to the Nazis, Slavic-speaking peoples like Poles or Russians were “subhuman” non-Aryans. Today, virtually all of these groups are considered “equally” white (and Jews, who weren’t considered white at all, now often are).

This outdated way of talking about race was so prevalent and so dominant in academic circles that it’s been accepted as largely accurate, even by lots of non-white people. Instead of challenging the arbitrary lines in the sand 19th century racists drew up to sort people into those who were worthy of self-rule and those who weren’t, a lot of people have just flipped the idea on its head, arguing that the roots of all civilization are inherently “black” rather than “white,” as Eurocentric scholars claimed.

Which brings us to Egypt. For some reason or another—possibly because of the highly publicized discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in the 1920s, possibly because the Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the last remaining wonders of the ancient world—everyone wants to claim ancient Egypt for themselves….

What were the ancient Egyptians? Were they black or were they white?… Oddly, it’s occurred to relatively few people to look at how modern Egyptians think of themselves, because we have divorced ancient and modern Egypt in our minds as if they’re two completely unrelated cultures. …

…. what about how Egypt got invaded and conquered by a whole bunch of people, including the Arabs? Couldn’t that have impacted the Egyptians’ race? Well sure, that happened. Libyans, Nubians, Canaanites, Mesopotamians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans have all ruled Egypt at one point or another and the Arabs are the most recent bunch (not counting the Turks or the British). But the truth is that conquest only very rarely leads to a massive shift in the native population… genetic studies in Egypt back this up:

the genetic profile of modern Egyptians has been affected less than 15% by foreign admixture.

There’s also the fact that ancient Egyptians didn’t really perceive themselves as either “black” or “white.” Just look at the above painting from Pharaoh Seti I’s tomb. The top right group, with the palest skin are Libyans (Berbers), the next one over to the left are Nubians, followed by “Asiatics” (Mesopotamians).

The bottom central group are Egyptians. By their own perception Egyptians were neither particularly dark nor particularly pale, and given their xenophobic attitude towards outside cultures (which was fairly common for most ancient peoples) they would probably resent being sorted into either “race.”

So why does this matter? Why is it important that we acknowledge the Egyptians don’t fit into our constructed dichotomy of black vs. white, of European or African? Well, for one thing many modern Egyptians find it kind of offensive. Despite their modern self-identification as Arabs, most Egyptians still feel a strong claim to the historical legacy of their ancient forebears and find it pretty annoying when American scholars (and, black or white, it is mostly Americans) try to pigeonhole the pharaohs into one racial category or another for political purposes.

Secondly, it’s pretty clearly false as I’ve shown above. The ancient Egyptians were African, but that’s a pretty broad label, just like the word “Asian” includes within its meaning Turks, Indians, Samoyeds, Han Chinese, and Malays. There’s a lot of similarity between Egyptians and Nubians, that’s true. There’s also a lot of resemblance between Egyptians and Palestinians. They don’t fit neatly into one super-category or the other, not when you peel away the labels and look at the actual facts.

Egyptians Aren’t White… But They Aren’t Black Either

Also see Genetic variation, classification and race